Tesco was founded, as a one-man business, by Jack Cohen in London's East End. He came from a modest background, being the son of a Polish tailor. He began by selling groceries in the markets of the East End after World War I in 1919. At this time rations and supplies were low, so he would buy damaged goods from other businesses and resell them at reasonable prices
The Tesco
brand
first appeared in 1924. The name came about after Jack
Cohen bought a large shipment of tea from T.E. Stockwell.
He
made new labels by using the first three letters of the
supplier's name (TES) and the first two letters of his surname
(CO) forming the word "TESCO".
The first Tesco store was opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak,
Edgware,
London. Tesco was floated on the London Stock Exchange in
1947 as Tesco Stores (Holdings) Limited. The first
self service Tesco store opened in St Albans in 1947, and the
first Tesco supermarket in Maldon in 1956.
During the 1950s and the 1960s Tesco grew organically, but also through acquisitions to the point where Tesco owned more than 800 stores; the Tesco company purchased 70 Williamsons stores (1957), 200 Harrow Stores outlets (1959), 212 Irwins stores (1960), 97 Charles Phillips stores (1964) and the Victor Value chain (1968) (sold to Bejam in 1986).
The
founder, Jack Cohen, was an enthusiastic advocate of trading
stamps as an inducement for shoppers to patronise his stores: he
signed up to
Green Shield Stamps in 1963, and became one of the
company’s largest clients.In 1973 Jack Cohen resigned and was replaced as Chairman by his son-in-law Leslie Porter. Porter and Tesco managing director Ian MacLaurin abandoned the "pile it high sell it cheap" philosophy of Cohen which had left the company "stagnating" and with a "bad image".n 1977 Tesco launched "Operation Checkout" which saw it abandon Green Shield stamps in favour of cutting prices and centralise buying for all of its Tesco stores. The result was a rise in market share of 4% in two months.1980s In May 1987 Tesco completed its hostile takeover of the Hillards chain of 40 supermarkets in the north of England for GB£220 million.1990s
In 1994, the Tesco company took over the Scottish supermarket chain William Low. Tesco successfully fought off Sainsbury's for control of the Dundee-based firm, which operated 57 stores. This paved the way for Tesco to expand its presence in Scotland, which was weaker than in England. Inverness was recently branded as "Tescotown", because 50p in every £1 spent on food is believed to be spent in its three Tesco stores.
Tesco produced a loyalty card, branded
' Tesco Clubcard', in 1995
and later a Tesco Internet shopping service. As of November 2006
Tesco was the only retailer
to make online shopping profitable.
Terry Leahy assumed the role of chief executive on 21 February 1997, the announcement having been made on 21 November 1995.
On 21 March 1997 Tesco announced the purchase of the retail arm of Associated British Foods which consisted of the Quinnsworth, Stewarts and Crazy Prices chains in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, as well as associated businesses for GB£640 million.The deal was approved by the European Commission on 6 May 1997. This acquisition gave it both a major presence in the Republic of Ireland, and a larger presence in Northern Ireland than Sainsbury's which had begun its move into the province in 1995.
In the late 1990s, the typeface of the logo was changed to
the current one shown on the top of the page with stripe
reflections underneath the typefaces as Tesco used them on their
carrier bags. The "typewriter" typeface that the company had
been using since the 1970s for its in-store signage was also
dropped during this period. In July 2001 it became
involved in internet grocery retailing in the USA when it
obtained a 35% stake in GroceryWorks.
In 2002 Tesco purchased 13 HIT hypermarkets in Poland. It also made a major move into the UK convenience store market with its purchase of T & S Stores, owner of 870 convenience stores in the One Stop, Dillions and Day & Nite chains in the UK.
In October 2003 it launched a UK telecoms division, comprising mobile and home phone services, to complement its existing internet service provider business. In June 2003 Tesco purchased the C Two-Network in Japan, It also acquired a majority stake in Turkish supermarket chain Kipa.
In January 2004 Tesco acquired Adminstore, owner of 45 Cullens, Europa, and Harts convenience stores, in and around London. In August 2004, it also launched a broadband service. Another acquisiton was the Lotus chain in Thailand
In late 2005 Tesco acquired the 21 remaining Safeway/BP stores after Morrisons dissolved the Safeway/BP partnership.
In mid 2006 Tesco purchase an 80% stake in Casino's Leader Price supermarkets in Poland. They will be rebranded into small Tesco stores.
According to Citigroup
retail analyst David McCarthy, "They've pulled off a trick
that I'm not aware of any other retailer achieving. That is
to appeal to all segments of the market". During its long
term dominance of the supermarket sector Sainsbury's
retained an image as a high-priced middle class supermarket
which considered itself to have such a wide lead on quality
that it did not need to compete on price, and was
indifferent to attracting lower-income customers into its
stores. This strategy has been abandoned since losing the
number 1 spot to Tesco and particularly since the arrival of
Justin King as CEO in 2004 who has established a new
customer-focused strategy closer to that of Tesco.CLICK HERE TO ENTER TESCO DIRECT CATALOGUE
Tesco has made a very public commitment to Corporate social responsibility, in the form of contributions of 1.87% in 2006 of its pre-tax profits to charities/local community organisations. This compares favourably with Marks & Spencer's 1.51% but not well with Sainsbury's 7.02%. Will Hutton, in his role as chief executive of The Work Foundation recently praised Tesco for leading the debate on corporate responsibility. However Intelligent Giving has criticised the company for directing all "staff giving" support to the company's Charity of the Year. Formats
Tesco's UK stores are divided into five formats, differentiated by size and the range of products sold.
he 100th store opened in the 2004/05 financial year (specifically opening 29 November 2004, located on the Newport Road in Stafford, Midlands). The number of these is now being increased by about 20 a year, mainly by conversions from the second category. Typical size 6,300 m² (68,000 square feet). The largest Tesco Store in Scotland is Glasgow Silverburn in the southside area of the city which opened in July 2006 on the site of the former Pollok store and is around 9,569m² (103,000 square feet) (net sales area). For comparison a standard Wal-Mart Supercenter in the U.S. is around 18,400 m² (200,000 square feet). Tesco Extra stores can also be on two floors, ground floor for mainly food and first floor for clothing, electronics etc.
In May 2005 Tesco announced a trial non-food only format in Manchester and Aberdeen, and the first store opened in October 2005:
As of 24 February 2007, at the end of its 2006/07 financial year, Tesco's UK store portfolio was as follows.
| Format | Number | Total area (m²) | Mean area (m²) | Total area (sq ft) | Mean area (sq ft) | Percentage of space |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tesco Extra | 147 | 952,441 | 6,479 | 10,252,000 | 69,741 | 36.89% |
| Tesco | 433 | 1,227,434 | 2,834 | 13,212,000 | 30,512 | 47.55% |
| Tesco Metro | 162 | 177,073 | 1,093 | 1,906,000 | 11,765 | 6.85% |
| Tesco Express | 735 | 145,114 | 197 | 1,562,000 | 2,125 | 5.62% |
| One Stop | 506 | 62,988 | 124 | 678,000 | 1,339 | 2.44% |
| Homeplus | 5 | 16,258 | 3,251 | 175,000 | 35,000 | 0.62% |
| Total | 1,988 | 2,581,310 | 1,298 | 27,785,000 | 13,976 | 100% |
Tesco has a banking arm called Tesco Personal Finance, a 50:50 joint venture with the Royal Bank of Scotland. Products on offer include credits cards, loans, mortgages, savings accounts and several types of insurance, including car, home, life and travel. They are promoted by leaflets in Tesco's stores and through its website. The business made a profit of £130 million for the 52 weeks to 24 February 2007, of which Tesco's share was £66 million.
This move towards the financial sector has diversified the Tesco brand and provides opportunities for growth outside of the retailing sector.
Tesco personal finance offer loans, car loans, Instant access saving accounts, business credit card, bonus credit card (the credit card that pays you interest back), Clubcard credit card (where you can earn 1 point for every £4.00 spent on it) and mortgages. Tesco also offer insurance including travel insurance, pet insurance, car insurance, life insurance, home insurance and car breakdown cover in association with green flag. A key marketing strategy is Tesco offering Clubcard points or free petrol when you buy Tesco car insurance.
The company is currently trialling a finance centre in the Glasgow Silverburn Extra store providing free financial advice and quotes for insurance and loans, this service is staffed by trained Royal Bank of Scotland staff, if sccuessful this trial will roll out to a number of other key and flagship stores
Tesco operates ISP, mobile phone, home phone and VoIP businesses. These are available to UK residential consumers and marketed via the Tesco website and through Tesco stores.
Though it launched its ISP service in 1998, the firm did not get serious about telecoms until 2003. It has not purchased or built a telecoms network, but instead has pursued a strategy of pairing its marketing strength with the expertise of existing telcoms. In autumn 2003 Tesco Mobile was launched as a joint venture with O2, and Tesco Home Phone created in partnership with Cable & Wireless. Tesco Mobile offers both prepaid and PAYG (pay-as-you-go) accounts. In August 2004 Tesco broadband, an ADSL-based service delivered via BT phone lines, was launched in partnership with NTL. In January 2006, Tesco Internet Phone, a Voice over Internet Protocol, VoIP, service was launched in conjunction with Freshtel of Australia.
Tesco announced in December 2004 that it has signed up 500,000 customers to its mobile service in the 12 months since launch. In December 2005, it announced it had one million customers using its mobile service. In April 2006 it announced that it had over one and a half million telecom accounts in total, including mobile, fixed line and broadband accounts.
On 19 December 2006 Tesco Ireland announced that it would enter into a joint venture with O2 Ireland to offer mobile telecommunications services. The service, which will be Ireland's first MVNO, will use the O2 network but operate separately. It will be allocated the STD code 089. As with Tesco's similar service in the UK, it will be branded Tesco Mobile.
Tesco first started selling petrol in 1974. Tesco sells 95 and 99 RON petrol on a retail basis (a fuel developed by Greenergy of which Tesco is a shareholder). Tesco have recently diversified into biofuels, offering petrol-bioethanol and diesel-biodiesel blends instead of pure petrol and diesel at their petrol stations, and now offering Greenergy 100% biodiesel at many stores in the South-East of the United Kingdom.
Problems arose on 28 February 2007 when motorists in South East England reported that their cars were breaking down. This was due to petrol sold by Tesco and others being contaminated with silicon, the fuel coming from the Vopak terminal in the Thames Estuary, where fuel is supplied by Harvest Energy and Greenergy. Then on 2 March 2007 Tesco announced that they were emptying and refilling tanks at 150 petrol stations but was not suspending sales.
Tesco has been criticised with claims that they had been alerted to the problem as early as 12 February 2007. Affected motorists are facing bills of several hundred pounds to repair their cars and, with up to 10,000 cars needing repair, the suppliers could be liable for compensation claims of up to £10 million. However, on 6 March, Tesco offered to pay for any damage caused by the faulty petrol, after printing full page apologies in many national newspapers.
Tesco is one of the few retailers to offer a "good, better & best" policy for its products. This now encompasses several product categories such as food, beverage, home, clothing and financial services.
Of the major supermarkets in the UK only Tesco and Sainsbury's offer a loyalty card-scheme to customers. Tesco's Clubcard scheme has been operating since 1995 and has now become the largest loyalty card in the UK with around 13 million active Clubcard holders.
Customers can collect one Clubcard point for every £1 (or €1 in Ireland) they spend in a Tesco store, Tesco Petrol and Tesco.com. Customers can also collect points by paying with a Tesco Credit Card, or by using Tesco Mobile, Tesco Homephone, Tesco Broadband, selected Tesco Personal Finance products or by Clubcard partners, Powergen or Avis. Each point equates to 1p in store when redeemed or 4p when used with clubcard deals (offers for holidays, day trips, etc).
Every few months holders will receive a Clubcard statement offering money off coupons with can be spent in-store or on various Clubcard deals.
In December 2006 The Grocer magazine published a study which named Tesco as having the slowest checkouts of the six major supermarkets. Somerfield had the shortest queues with an average wait of 4 min 23 seconds. In order of least time spent at the checkout, the other major supermarkets were Waitrose, Sainsbury's, Asda, Morrisons and Tesco. The Grocer also named ASDA as the cheapest UK supermarket (based on 33 items). Tesco was second and Sainsbury's and Morrison joint third.
Tesco price check tends to differ saying out of 7807 (compared to ASDA) products, (Survey carried out between 22 January 2007 and 24 January 2007) Tesco is cheaper:1546, Tesco is more expensive:993 and Tesco is the same price: 5268.
Tesco operates the world's largest grocery homeshopping service, as well as providing consumer goods, telecommunications and financial services online.
Tesco has operated on the internet since 1994 and was the first retailer in the world to offer a robust home shopping service in 1996. Tesco.com was formally launched in 2000. It also has online operations in the Republic of Ireland and South Korea. Grocery sales are available within delivery range of selected stores, goods being hand-picked within each store, in contrast to the warehouse model followed by Ocado. This model, which is now used by Sainsbury's, allows rapid expansion with limited investment, but has been criticised for a high level of substitutions. Nevertheless, it has been popular and is the largest online grocery service in the world. In 2003, tesco.com's CEO at the time, John Browett, received the Wharton Infosys Business Transformation Award for the innovative processes he used to support this online grocery service.
On 1 October 2006, Tesco announced that it will be selling six own-brand budget software packages for under £20 each, including office and security suites, in a partnership with software firm Formjet. As Formjet is exclusive distributor for Panda Software and Ability Plus Software, packages from these companies are likely to feature.
The company also has a digital photo shop that offers products such as, mugs, shirts, celebration cakes and table mats. The service is powered by Pixology.
Tesco offer an internet-based DVD rental service, which is operated by LOVEFiLM . Music downloads are also available.
Many British retailers that have attempted to build an
international business have failed. Tesco has responded to the
need to be sensitive to local expectations in foreign countries
by entering into joint ventures with local partners, such as
Samsung Group in South Korea (Samsung-Tesco
Home plus), and
Charoen Pokphand in Thailand (Tesco
Lotus), appointing a very high proportion of local personnel
to management positions.
In late 2004 the amount of floorspace Tesco operated outside the United Kingdom surpassed the amount it had in its home market for the first time, although the United Kingdom still accounted for more than 75% of group revenue due to lower sales per unit area outside the UK. Tesco regularly makes small acquisitions to expand its international businesses. For example, in its 2005/06 financial year it made one in South Korea, one in Poland and one in Japan.
In September 2005 Tesco announced that it was selling its operations in Taiwan to Carrefour and purchasing Carrefour's stores in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both companies stated that they were concentrating their efforts in countries where they had strong market positions. Tesco is the grocery market leader in the Republic of Ireland, with a reported November 2005 share of 26.3%. Tesco Ireland also claims to be the largest purchaser of Irish food with an estimated €1.5 billion annually. Tesco entered China by acquiring a 50% stake in the Hymall chain from Ting Hsin of Taiwan in September 2004. In December 2006 it raised its stake to 90% in a £180 million deal. This deal just after Tesco had lost out to Wal-Mart to partner with Indian group Bharti to develop a national retail chain in India.
February 2006, Tesco announced its intention to move into the United States market by opening a chain of convenience stores on the West Coast (Arizona, California and Nevada) in 2007 named Fresh & Easy.
Announced on March 27, 2007, the California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control released a Notice of Intention to Engage in the Sale of Alcoholic Beverages for a location in Hollywood, one block west of Grauman's Chinese Theatre. The applicant is Tesco Stores West, Inc., and the name of the business will be Tesco. The application was posted at the location and also mailed to residents within a 500 foot radius.
The following table shows the number of stores, total store size in area and sales for Tesco's international operations. The store numbers and floor area figures are as at 24 February 2007 but the turnover figures are for the year ended 31 December 2005, except for the Republic of Ireland data, which is at 24 February 2007, like the UK figures. This information is taken from the 2007 final broker pack.
| Country | Entered | Stores | Area (m²) | Area (sq ft) | Turnover (£ million) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 2004 | 47 | 392,422 | 4,224,000 | 552 |
| Czech Republic | 1996 | 84 | 381,459 | 4,106,000 | 807 |
| France | 1992 | 1 | 1,400 | 16,000 | Note 2 |
| Hungary | 1994 | 101 | 448,164 | 4,824,000 | 1,180 |
| Republic of Ireland | 1997 | 95 | 205,780 | 2,215,000 | 1,683 |
| Japan | 2003 | 109 | 09,078 | 313,000 | 287 |
| Malaysia | 2002 | 19 | 174,750 | 1,881,000 | 247 |
| Poland | 1995 | 280 | 606,935 | 6,533,000 | 1,135 |
| Slovakia | 1996 | 48 | 225,475 | 2,427,000 | 498 |
| South Korea | 1999 | 81 | 473,340 | 5,095,000 | 2,557 |
| Thailand | 1998 | 370 | 698,166 | 7,515,000 | 1,326 |
| Turkey | 2003 | 30 | 102,936 | 1,108,000 | 256 |
Note 1: The business in China was a joint venture at February 2006 (now a 90% owned subsidiary; see above) and its turnover is not reported in Tesco's 2006 brokers' pack.
Note 2: Tesco owned a French chain called Catteau between 1992 and 1997. Its existing single store in France is a wine warehouse in Calais, which opened in 1995 and is targeted at British day trippers. Wine is much cheaper in France than in the UK because the duty is far lower. Turnover is not reported separately.
Note 4:Tesco Stores (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd was incepted on 29 November 2001, as a strategic alliance with local conglomerate, Sime Darby Berhad of which the latter holds 30% of total shares. On 31st January 2007, Tesco Stores (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd's CEO Chris Bush announced in a letter published on Makro Cash & Carry (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd's website that it was purchasing Makro and converting and refurbishing all its stores to a new format called Tesco 'Extra'. It is not known whether the format will be similar to Tesco UK's format.
Financial performanceTesco is listed on the London Stock Exchange under the symbol TSCO. It also has a secondary listing on the Irish Stock Exchange with the name TESCO PLC.
All figures below are for the Tesco's financial years, which run for 52 or 53 week periods to late February. Up to the 27 February 2007 period end the numbers include non-UK and Ireland results for the calendar year ended in the accounting year. The figures in the table below include 52 weeks/12 months of turnover for both sides of the business as this provides the best comparative. Including 60 weeks of non-UK and Ireland sales the figures to 24 February 2007 were: revenue £46,600 million; profit before tax £2,653 million; profit for year £2,478 million; basic earnings per share 22.36 pence.
Group revenue for the 26 weeks to 26 August 2006 was £20,735 million, compared to £17,170 million in the 24 week interin period reported in 2005. On a comparable 26 week basis group sales increased by 12.7% and group profit increased by 10.3%.
| 52/3 weeks ended | Turnover (£m) | Profit before tax (£m) | Profit for year (£m) | Basic earnings per share (p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 February 2007 | 46,600 | 2,653 | 2,478 | 22.36 |
| 25 February 2006 | 38,300 | 2,210 | 1,858 | 19.70 |
| 26 February 2005 | 33,974 | 1,962 | 1,366 | 17.44 |
| 28 February 2004 | 30,814 | 1,600 | 1,100 | 15.05 |
| 22 February 2003 | 26,337 | 1,361 | 946 | 13.54 |
| 23 February 2002 | 23,653 | 1,201 | 830 | 12.05 |
| 24 February 2001 | 20,988 | 1,054 | 767 | 11.29 |
| 26 February 2000 | 18,796 | 933 | 674 | 10.07 |
| 27 February 1999 | 17,158 | 842 | 606 | 9.14 |
| 28 February 1998 | 16,452 | 760 | 532 | 8.12 |
As of its 2006 year end Tesco was the fourth largest retailer in the world. The three largest are Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Home Depot. METRO was only just behind and might move ahead again if the euro strengthens against the pound, but METRO's sales include many billions of wholesale turnover, and its retail turnover is much less than Tesco's.
At 24 February 2007 Tesco operated 1,988 stores in the UK (2.581 million m², 27.7 million square feet) and 1,275 outside the UK (3.75 million m², 40.4 million square feet). Tesco's market capitalisation on 31 December 2005 was £26.035 billion ($44.8 billion), which was the largest of any retailer based outside the United States.
Criticism of Tesco includes allegations of stifling competition due to its undeveloped "land bank", using cheap and/or child labour, opposition to its move into the convenience sector and breaching planning laws.

| Against | Tesco is cheaper | Tesco is the same price | Tesco is more expensive | Based on no. of lines found |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO. OF PRODUCTS | NO. OF PRODUCTS | NO. OF PRODUCTS | NO. OF PRODUCTS | |
| Asda | 2118 | 5517 | 2087 | 9722 |
| Sainsbury's | 6331 | 4593 | 1365 | 12289 |
| Morrisons | 3373 | 2647 | 1037 | 7057 |
Prices checked between 27 October 2008 and 29 October 2008.
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Prices were independently collected in two branches of each of J. Sainsbury's and Asda and three branches of Morrisons around Great Britain between 27 October 2008 and 29 October 2008.
Where a product is not found in a particular store, (this may indicate it is not stocked) this product is shown as 'not found' (N/F).
If a price differs between branches then the most common price found is used. If there is no common price, the product is shown as 'not found' (N/F).
The prices published are representative but may not always be identical to what you will see in your local store.
In Northern Ireland, competitor prices may vary, but Tesco prices are the same as in Great Britain, apart from a small number of locally sourced lines which are clearly marked in the Price Checker results.
Equivalent products are always compared - e.g. Tesco's blue and white striped "Value" brand is always compared with the other supermarkets' own budget brands.
If a product is sold out in a particular store, the checkers record the price on the shelf.
We always aim to make a fair comparison. If the price collectors can't find the product in the same size in a competitor's stores, they take the nearest size and convert the price pro-rata. If there is no size that will fairly compare with the Tesco product, then we do not include it.
If a product is price marked and a different price is shown on the shelf then the lower price is taken.
We try to ensure that the prices displayed on this facility are fair, representative and accurate. However, in an independently collected survey of this size, it is always possible that an incorrect price may be quoted.
The survey only covers superstores, so smaller stores such as Tesco Metro and Express and J.Sainsbury's Local and Central are not included.
All products subject to availability. Some products are only available in selected stores.
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